In Canada, most standards for remediation are set by the provinces individually, but the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment provides guidance at a federal level in the form of the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines and the Canada-Wide Standards|Canada-Wide Standard for Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Soil.[3]. In the UK, biohazards are regulated in part by HSE. [citation needed], Solidification and stabilization work has a reasonably good track record but also a set of serious deficiencies related to durability of solutions and potential long-term effects. ISEEK, a tool for high speed, concurrent, distributed forensic data acquisition, Faunce TA, Lubitz W, Rutherford AW, MacFarlane D, Moore, GF, Yang P, Nocera DG, Moore TA, Gregory DH, Fukuzumi S, Yoon KB, Armstrong FA, Wasielewski MR, Styring S. Energy and Environment Case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis. It is also referred to as biohazard remediation, and forensic cleanup, because crime scenes are only a portion of the situations in which biohazard cleaning is needed.Incidents which may require this type of cleanup include accidents, suicide (or These terminal electron acceptors have smaller reduction potentials than O2. Anaerobic respiration occurs in many environments, including freshwater and marine sediments, soil, subsurface aquifers, deep subsurface environments, and biofilms. Types of Bioremediation. An independent chairperson acceptable to both the proponent and the community should be engaged (at proponent expense if a fee is required). Amelia drives every Friday to visit her parents, who live 18 miles west. ", "Tuberculosis breakthrough as scientists get funds for 'electronic nose', "G.E. Step 2: Replace variables in the formula with data from step 1. This page was last edited on 25 September 2022, at 20:17. [citation needed], Dioxins from Union Carbide used in the production of now-banned pesticide 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and defoliant Agent Orange polluted Homebush Bay. So we can consider: Note: Although this result unit is miles per minute, which is a valid velocity unit, some textbook exercises might request to convert the result to one of the units mentioned in the table above. Note: Some textbooks might use either {eq}s {/eq} or {eq}x {/eq} as a position variable. The main impacts during remediation are noise, dust, odour and incremental health risk. Among other tasks, they organized cleanup procedures for Ebola decontamination in 2014. Some examples of bioremediation related technologies are phytoremediation, bioventing, bioattenuation, biosparging, composting (biopiles and windrows), and landfarming. In Situ Burning: Burn After Oiling. [83] Both the Department of Defense and some environmental groups voiced questions about the NAS report,[citation needed] but no credible science has emerged to challenge the NAS findings. ", "Vertical Harvest of Jackson Hole Will Grow Organic Produce Even in Winter", "Do More New & Next 6G: What It Is & When to Expect It", "IBM's Watson supercomputer crowned Jeopardy king", "MIT scientists take a step closer to artificial intelligence", "How innovative is Apple's new voice assistant, Siri? Soils polluted with heavy metals have become common across the globe due to increase in geologic and anthropogenic activities. It is best suited to control the hydraulic gradient and keep a release from spreading further. If we were given a position function, s(t), which gave the position of an object at time t, then the average velocity between time t sub 1 and t sub 2 is given by the formula: During the first hour of your run, your distance from your house went from 0 to 5, while the time in hours went from 0 to 1. Moreover, if you were to put biological waste into your trash, you expose others to the risk of exposure to dangerous pathogens. Some fictional depictions show crime scene clean-up involving criminal organizations. Orris, G. J.; Harvey, G. J.; Tsui, D. T.; Eldridge, J. E. Preliminaryanalyses for perchlorate in selected natural materials and theirderivative products; USGS Open File Report 03-314; USGS, U.S.Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, 2003. oil, mercury or hydrocarbon) to separate them from especially soil or sludge. Television productions like CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have added to the popularity of the term "crime scene cleanup". An electron acceptor is a chemical entity that accepts electrons transferred to it from another compound. Remedial action is generally subject to an array of regulatory requirements, and may also be based on assessments of human health and ecological risks where no legislative standards exist, or where standards The compound units most commonly used to indicate velocity include: Although average speed and average velocity are expressed in the same units, they are different concepts. These types of containers typically are red in color and do bear what is nearly the universal biohazard waste warning symbol. Biogenic methane is used as a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels. Your final position is the same as your starting position. Displacement is the difference between two positions in a given direction, so it can be negative to express reverse direction. Soot (/ s t / suut) is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. An artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in conscious reality. [13] Research is also investigating how nanoparticles may be applied to cleanup of soil and gases. [1] As a profession, it is growing in popularity because of media exposure and the growth of training programs worldwide. An error occurred trying to load this video. The term includes property damage, such as graffiti and defacement directed towards any property without permission of the owner. ", EPA (2011-02-11). Calculate the average velocity of the boat during acceleration. Denitrification converts both compounds into harmless nitrogen gas.[7]. residual liability associated with immobilized contaminants remaining on-site, rather than their removal or destruction. These are not necessarily items you will have easy access to as a matter of course. They are mainly used as oxidizers for pyrotechnic devices and to control static electricity in food packaging. Studies in Closed Ecological Systems: Biosphere in a Bottle, Frieda B. Taub Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics Vol. Water pollution can be attributed to one of four sources: [citation needed], Using nano-sized reactive agents to degrade or immobilize contaminants is termed nanoremediation. Recently, ExSitu Chemical oxidation has also been utilized in the remediation of contaminated soil. It is a widely accepted method that is mostly carried out in situ; hence it is Given this function, is possible to calculate the position of the object at different times by solving for two different values of t. For instance, average velocity can be calculated afterward by using the next formula. Combined with existing perchlorate drinking water contamination, infants could be at risk for perchlorate exposure above the levels considered safe by EPA. Average speed considers distance, while average velocity considers displacement. feces or blood) or regulated waste transport, treatment, and disposal. Airborne pathogens (influenza, common cold, hantavirus), Bird and animal droppings (including rodent droppings), Rodent infestations resulting in rodent droppings. Below is a brief summary of each technology. During the process a desorber volatilizes the contaminants (e.g. Understand the application of the formula with examples. International Sanitary Supply Association (ISSA)[14] is a global standards body and trade organization of professional janitorial and cleaning professionals. [citation needed], In 2008 EPA issued an interim drinking water health advisory for perchlorate and with it a guidance and analysis concerning the impacts on the environment and drinking water. Calculate her average velocity when she visits her parents. All rights reserved. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Average velocity is a vectorial quantity and is defined as displacement divided by time. Anaerobes instead use less-oxidizing substances such as nitrate (NO3), fumarate (C4H2O24), sulfate (SO24), or elemental sulfur (S). An example of the ecological importance of anaerobic respiration is the use of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, or dissimilatory denitrification, which is the main route by which fixed nitrogen is returned to the atmosphere as molecular nitrogen gas. ), the environmental cost of land-clearing etc. 's breakthrough can put 100 DVDs on a disc", "Remapping Computer Circuitry to Avert Impending Bottlenecks", "Shannon Airport deploys face recognition", "Quantum computing device hints at powerful future", "First Ever Commercial Quantum Computer Now Available for $10 Million", "Does quantum mechanics offer the best way to protect our most valuable data? The rate of change in velocity is known as acceleration. In aerobic organisms undergoing respiration, electrons are shuttled to an electron transport chain, and the final electron acceptor is oxygen. A boat traveling at 25 km/h accelerates at a constant rate until it reaches 37 km/h to continue its travel. Weather-controlled city, colonization of other celestial bodies, Emerging magnetic data storage technologies, Greatly improved storage density compared to current HDDs, can be combined, Diffusion of primitive amplifications; working prototypes of more; Hypothetical, experiments on more substantial amplification. Typical [citation needed] oxidizing agents undergo permanent chemical alteration through covalent or ionic Log in or sign up to add this lesson to a Custom Course. Globally, between 25 per cent and 40 per cent of the world's drinking water is drawn from boreholes and dug wells. Flexible and/or foldable electronic devices, and flexible, Storing and archiving data previously erased for economic reasons, Digital forensics, electronic discovery, malware detection, IT compliance, Deployed at various airports and federal security checkpoints, Hypothetical, experiments; some components of integrated circuits have been developed, Smaller, faster, lower power consuming computing, Much faster computing for some kinds of problems, chemical modeling, new materials with programmed properties, Hypothetical of, Making the web machine-readable by annotating data on the web based on its meaning. minerals or extracted compounds like oil) or anthropogenic in origin (i.e. Universal precautions recognized worldwide are the cautionary rule-of-thumb for this field of professional cleaning. Plug data into the average velocity formula and solve. Average velocity formula given change in position. $$\bar{v}=\frac{40\,m -20\,m}{4\,s-2\,s} $$, $$\\\bar{v}=\frac{40\, m-20\, m}{4\, s-2\, s}\\\\\bar{v}=\frac{20\, m}{2\, s}\\\\\bar{v}=10\, m/s $$. Environmental remediation deals with the removal of pollution or contaminants from environmental media such as soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water. [12] "Multi Phase Extraction" (MPE) is also an effective remediation technology when soil and groundwater are to be remediated coincidentally. Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Standard operating procedures for the crime scene cleanup field often include military-like methods for the decontamination of internal and external environments. The term biotechnology was first used by Kroly Ereky in 1919, meaning the production of products from raw materials with the aid of living organisms. 76. Air stripping is a method that can be effective for volatile pollutants such as BTEX compounds found in gasoline. In print and online, the task has been the subject of Alan Emmins' book Mop Men: Inside the World of Crime Scene Cleaners,[16] and in a piece on "six figure jobs" that appeared on CNN. Often nearby sites owned by the same company or which are nearby and have been reclaimed, levelled or filled are also contaminated even where the current land use seems innocuous. Interesting we got a negative number as our answer. The first modern herbicide, 2,4-D, was first discovered and synthesized by W. G. Templeman at Imperial Chemical Industries. Find the position of the ball at {eq}t=2 s {/eq} and {eq}t=5 s {/eq}. Moreover, biohazardous waste must definitively be disposed of by an appropriately certified operation as well. [citation needed] Both DWEL and Cleanup Guidance were based on a 2005 review of the existing research by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS). Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. petroleum definition: 1. a dark, thick oil obtained from under the ground, from which various substances including. On February 11, 2011, EPA determined that perchlorate meets the Safe Drinking Water Act criteria for regulation as a contaminant. Instantaneous Velocity Overview & Formula | What is Instantaneous Velocity? As is the case with sanitization, you will need high-grade deodorizing agents (and possibly even equipment). The reduced chemical compounds are oxidized by a series of respiratory integral membrane proteins with sequentially increasing reduction potentials, with the final electron acceptor being oxygen (in aerobic respiration) or another chemical substance (in anaerobic respiration). : 6 Water bodies include lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifers, reservoirs and groundwater.Water pollution results when contaminants are introduced into these water bodies. [92], InChI=1S/ClHO4/c2-1(3,4)5/h(H,2,3,4,5)/p-1, Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, In minerals and other natural occurrences, Helmut Vogt, Jan Balej, John E. Bennett, Peter Wintzer, Saeed Akbar Sheikh, Patrizio Gallone "Chlorine Oxides and Chlorine Oxygen Acids" in. [citation needed], Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is an effective remediation technology for soil. In yeast, acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol to regenerate NAD+. [1], In the United States, the most comprehensive set of Preliminary Remediation Goals (PRGs) is from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regional Screening Levels (RSLs). d) by dividing this level by the standard intraspecies uncertainty factor of 10. We value privacy. Bioremediation refers to the application of biotechnical methods which help in developing enzyme bioreactors that will not only pretreat some industrial and food waste components but also allow their efficient removal via sewage system without using solid waste disposal mechanisms. However, the athlete would easily be able to calculate their average velocity by dividing the change in position (5 miles) by the total time of the run. Our rates are typically 50% lower than our competitors. One disadvantage of this approach is the possibility of decreasing anaerobic contaminant destruction natural attenuation where existing conditions enhance anaerobic bacteria which normally live in the soil prefer a reducing environment. This process can simultaneously degrade organic carbon waste and generate electricity. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Even though this is an efficient process of waste management but bioremediation cannot destroy 100% contaminants. This is deodorization. Biological waste containers need to be properly identified or marked. SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors (and VOCs) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon (most commonly used historically), thermal and/or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation. Risks from the biosphere are those that are derived from animals, plants, and other living organisms, including microorganisms. On December 31, 2005, the "Perchlorate Best Management Practices" were adopted and became operative on July 1, 2006. The authors also indicated that they did not originally normalize their findings for creatinine, which would have essentially accounted for fluctuations in the concentrations of one-time urine samples like those used in this study. We needed to take into account that we were running 8 miles per hour for a longer time than we were running 5 miles per hour. Other methods include trying to increase the dissolved oxygen content of the groundwater to support microbial degradation of the compound (especially petroleum) by direct injection of oxygen into the subsurface, or the direct injection of a slurry that slowly releases oxygen over time (typically magnesium peroxide or calcium oxy-hydroxide). manufactured materials or byproducts from biodegradation).Pollutants result in environmental Most field applications of nanoremediation have used nano zero-valent iron (nZVI), which may be emulsified or mixed with another metal to enhance dispersion. Since then EPA has continued to determine what level of contamination is appropriate. This technology holds promise over the use of chemicals (mainly surfactant) for traditional washing of oil contaminated sediments. If you ran 5 miles due east in one hour and then decided to turn back and run 5 miles due west in two hours, you're back home! Emily regularly writes about her first-hand experiences providing services such as biohazard cleanup, suicide cleanup, crime scene cleanup, unattended death cleanup, infectious disease disinfection, and other types of difficult remediations in homes and businesses. Most of the nonpoint sources have been initially recognized as such by groundwater experts (Foster et al., 2003) who realized that soil (urban or rural) was an important means of transporting pollution to ground Step 1: Choose two points and identify their coordinates. To calculate the average velocity of an object, it is necessary to know the displacement and the time it took the object to displace. Find the average velocity of the ball between seconds 2 and 5. GM microbes, plants, and animals also revolutionized the The cleaning of the area focuses on the removal of actual biological matter causing the contamination. A few states such as California, New York and Florida are the only states that explicitly require registration or licensing for crime scene cleanup. B) The following graph shows the change in the position of a bus during a trip, which had to slow down and accelerate at some points due to the highway conditions. [citation needed], Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is a remediation and treatment technology that relies on the reaction between a binder and soil to stop/prevent or reduce the mobility of contaminants. By using these precautions it will provide an extra layer of safety. In these cases, injections downgradient of groundwater flow may provide adequate microbial destruction of contaminants prior to exposure to surface waters or drinking water supply wells. Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses, Disposable packaging and single-use items, Research, experiments, development, prototypes. With this information, it is possible to calculate the average velocity of the object by selecting two points, for example, A and B. ", "A new device to tap more solar energy invented", "Smart Grid Costs Are Massive, but Benefits Will Be Larger, Industry Study Says", "Pushing the low carbon boundaries: South Korea's smart grid initiative", "FCC approves first wireless 'power-at-a-distance' charging system", "Sto AG, Cabot Create Aerogel Insulation", "Generic epitaxial graphene biosensors for ultrasensitive detection of cancer risk biomarker", "Applications of Graphene under Development", "Rapid magnetic heating treatment by highly charged maghemite nanoparticles on Wistar rats exocranial glioma tumors at microliter volume", "Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery", "Magnetic EDTA: Coupling heavy metal chelators to metal nanomagnets for rapid removal of cadmium, lead and copper from contaminated water", "Strides in Materials, but No Invisibility Cloak", "Carbon nanotubes used to make batteries from fabrics", "Researchers One Step Closer to Building Synthetic Brain", "Viewpoint: How to Create a Time Crystal", "A giant leap into the unknown: GM salmon that grows and grows", "Gene therapy is cure for 'boy in the bubble' syndrome", "USU Synthetic Spider Silk Lab awarded $1.9 million in DOE Energy Efficient Transportation Technology Funds", "Application of Genetic Engineering in Bioremediation: Deinococcus Radiodurans", "New Portable Kit Detects Arsenic in Wells", "Anti-GMO Activists Slow Scientists Breeding a CO2-Reducing Superplant", "Patients to be frozen into state of suspended animation for surgery", "Doubt on Anti-Aging Molecule as Drug Trial Stops", "Nanotechnoglogy world: Nanomedicine offers new cures", "Genetic test could be used to 'personalise' drugs, say scientists", "Scientists Grow Viable Urethras From Boys' Cells", "Doctors grapple with the value of robotic surgery", "Robotic surgery making inroads in many medical procedures", "Doctors Perform First Fully Robotic Surgery", "Scientists make eye's retina from stem cells", "Scientist Craig Venter creates life for first time in laboratory sparking debate about 'playing god', "Artificial blood vessels created on a 3D printer", "U.S. scientists create artificial lungs, of sorts", "Silkworms could aid a breakthrough in tissue engineering", "Research updates: CMU prof wins grants for very cool technology", "DARPA Program Seeks to Use Brain Implants to Control Mental Illness MIT Technology Review", "Mind-reading research: the major breakthroughs", "Brown to receive up to $19M to engineer next-generation brain-computer interface", "New Invisibility Cloak Closer to Working "Magic", "Laser gun tested on US Navy ship in Pacific Ocean", "Star Trek-style force-field armour being developed by military scientists", "Navy tests new vehicle-mounted laser weapon", "Electromagnetic weapons Frying tonight", "Navy Sets World Record With Incredible, Sci-Fi Weapon", "Spaceworks may have a real-world stasis chamber for space travel by 2018", "SoftBank robot to reach US in less than a year", "U.S. Navy to test humanoid robotic firefighters", "Airless Tire Promises Grace Under Pressure for Soldiers", "New tire models to go without air or oil", "Mission Adaptive Compliant Wing Design, Fabrication and Flight Test", "Showcase UAV Demonstrates Flapless Flight", "Demon UAV jets into history by flying without flaps", "Terrafugia Transition flying car to go into production after US approval", "Stuck in traffic? Constant Acceleration Formula & Examples | What is Constant Acceleration? Air microbubbles generated in water without adding any surfactant could be used to clean oil contaminated sediments. 's' : ''}}. As the velocity of the object may increase or decrease during the displacement, calculating its average velocity provides a reference value. Natalia has taught Math and Science lessons for over three years, on-site and virtually. The bottom line is that because of the challenges associated with effectively undertaking biological hazard cleaning, coupled with the health risks this type of peril presents, if you ever face the need for remediation in your home or business, you are wise seeking professional assistance. Australia, Canada and England have added it to their professional cleaning terminology. [19], In preparation for any significant remediation there should be extensive community consultation. Therefore, the average velocity can be expressed as a negative quantity to indicate a backward or reverse movement. "Drinking Water: Regulatory Determination on Perchlorate." [citation needed], The injection of gases into the groundwater may also cause contamination to spread faster than normal depending on the hydrogeology of the site. Fermentation, in contrast, does not use an electrochemical gradient but instead uses only substrate-level phosphorylation to produce ATP. Crime scene cleanup is a term applied to cleanup of blood, bodily fluids, and other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). [9] The proponent should both present information to and seek information from the community. [citation needed], In the US there has been a mechanism for taxing polluting industries to form a Superfund to remediate abandoned sites, or to litigate to force corporations to remediate their contaminated sites. A pollutant or novel entity is a substance or energy introduced into the environment that has undesired effects, or adversely affects the usefulness of a resource. {eq}\\x(2)=(2)^{2}+420\\x(2)=4+420\\x(2)=424~m {/eq}, {eq}\\x(5)=(5)^{2}+420\\x(5)=25+420\\x(5)=445~m {/eq}, The initial velocity of the boat is {eq}v_{i}= 25\, km/h {/eq}, The final velocity is {eq}v_{f}= 37\, km/h {/eq}. Substitute {eq}t_{1},t_{2},x_{1}, x_{2} {/eq} in the formula. Helpful in countries where employment of personal drivers is expensive. petrol), mostly in soil or water. The bottom line is that any health risk that comes from the biosphere can be classified as a biological hazard. 5, (1974), pp. EPA prepared extensive responses to submitted public comments. Remedial action is generally subject to an array of regulatory requirements, and may also be based on assessments of human health and ecological risks where no legislative standards exist, or where standards are advisory. [citation needed], Standards are set for the levels of dust, noise, odour, emissions to air and groundwater, and discharge to sewers or waterways of all chemicals of concern or chemicals likely to be produced during the remediation by processing of the contaminants. Password requirements: 6 to 30 characters long; ASCII characters only (characters found on a standard US keyboard); must contain at least 4 different symbols; There are two important anaerobic microbial methane formation pathways, through carbon dioxide / bicarbonate (HCO3) reduction (respiration) or acetate fermentation.[2]. In physics, average velocity is indicated by the symbol {eq}\overline{v} {/eq}. Studies have been performed on rabbits where perchlorate has been injected into the trachea. Average velocity is the slope between two points, which is calculated by dividing the y-coordinate difference by the x-coordinate difference. Depending on the type of biological hazardous situation you have in your home or business, a third step in the overall remediation process may be necessary. This is unlawful and can result in what can amount to significant penalties. Let's find the average velocity of the ball between t = 1 and t = 4. [3], Crime scene cleanup includes blood spills following an assault, homicide or suicide, tear gas residue, vandalism removal/cleanup. Of particular value is, Potassium perchlorate has, in the past, been used therapeutically to help manage, This page was last edited on 10 October 2022, at 04:14. No-loss conductors, frictionless bearings, Superfluid gyroscopes already exist but work at very low temperatures, High-precision measure of gravity, navigation and maneuver devices, possible devices to emit, Hypothetical, experiments, some prototypes, few commercial. In California, as is the case elsewhere in the United States, biological hazardous waste must be transported by a duly certified company. Disabled, infant and older people care, housekeeping, sex-worker, flight-attendant, Robots fuelled by digesting organic matter, Machines that can make anything given the materials, cheap planetary, Hypothetical, experiments, early prototypes, As a universal physical machine, SRCMR may change the way many physical structures and machines are made, Autonomous construction, space construction, Research and development, diffusion, commercial, Reduction of required battery size and weight for, Working prototypes, early commercialization, Better flying transportation, efficient propulsion in air, Research, development, Commercialization (, Deep-space missions with larger payloads, satellite life extension, lowering cost per kg launched to space, Research and development; one prototype flown in 2008, Research, development, early commercialization. Some organizations are working to create a "Standard of Clean" such as ISSA's K12 Standard, which includes use of quantifiable testing methods such as ATP testing. [citation needed], Migration of metal contaminants must also be considered whenever modifying subsurface oxidation-reduction potential. [citation needed], Enforcement is necessary to ensure that continued or significant breaches result in fines or even a jail sentence for the polluter. Therefore, anaerobic respiration is less efficient than aerobic. Human blood can carry deadly diseases like HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C.[8] When cleaning up blood it's important to treat every blood spill as if the substance is infected. To figure this out, you'll need to use the formula for average velocity. For example, the personnel involved in the cleanup are expected to wear shoe covers, liquid impermeable coveralls, and protective eyewear. Have a Wikipedia article or adjacent citation covering them. Reducing concerns of tiredness while driving and also looking outside in the car. Create your account. Traffic management, automatic accommodation of. This necessitates the use of medical-grade sanitization products to ensure that harmful pathogens are in fact eliminated. $$\bar{v}=\frac{25\, km/h +37\, km/h }{2} $$, $$\\\bar{v}=\frac{62\, km/h }{2}\\\\\bar{v}= 31\, km/h $$. One of their concerns is that the toxic chemicals would lead to the microbe's gene degradation, which would then be passed on to other harmful bacteria, creating more issues, if the pathogens evolve the ability to feed off of pollutants. An analogy often used by remediators is to compare the risk of the remediation on nearby residents to the risks of death through car accidents or tobacco smoking. [17] Some of the important challenges currently limiting nanoremediation technologies include identifying coatings or other formulations that increase dispersal of the nanoparticle agents to better reach target contaminants while limiting any potential toxicity to bioremediation agents, wildlife, or people. Instantaneous Speed Formula & Examples | What is Instantaneous Speed? [81], Lacking a federal drinking water standard, several states subsequently published their own standards for perchlorate including Massachusetts in 2006[citation needed] and California in 2007.