Recently, laccase has been applied to nanobiotechnology, which is an increasing research field, and catalyzes electron transfer reactions without additional cofactors. I.-Y. D. S. Yaver, M. D. C. Overjero, F. Xu et al., Molecular characterization of laccase genes from the basidiomycete Coprinus cinereus and heterologous expression of the laccase Lcc1, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. It is clear from the forgone survey of literature that focus has been paid to a few laccase producing fungi, particularly Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Trametes versicolor, Pleurotus ostreatus, and so forth, but there are still large numbers of fungal organisms not covered for laccase production. Chemical Abstracts, vol. Aromatic compounds which are structurally related to lignin, such as xylidine, ferulic acid, and veratric acid, are routinely added to fungal cultures to increase laccase production [105, 120]. H. Bermek, K. Li, and K.-E. L. Eriksson, Studies on mediators of manganese peroxidase for bleaching of wood pulps, Bioresource Technology, vol. 66, no. In Ganoderma lucidum, glucose at 20g/L increased the mycelial growth but at 10g/L favoured expression of enzyme [103]. [82] found that the production of high titres of the laccase enzyme was not dependent on high biomass yields. 2, pp. Maximum titres of laccase and biomass were observed in the medium adjusted to pH 6.0 by Fomes sclerodermeus, white-rot basidiomycetes. In this review, the bacterial laccases are focused for the bioremediation of various industrial pollutants. 129179, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2001. The current practical applications of the use of laccase have led to a search for source of the enzyme from white-rot fungi and the use of mediators, which promote or facilitate enzyme action. 8, pp. Production of heterologous laccase has often been improved by varying the cultivation conditions. Yeasts are a physiologically specific group of both ascomycetes and basidiomycetes. 12221226, 2000. The nitrogen source that improved laccase synthesis to the greatest extent was peptone (1.8-fold increase) [95]. Recent advances in the field of genetic engineering have allowed the development of efficient expression vectors for the production of functional laccase. 2, pp. A dark precipitate was observed in xylidine-induced cultures of T. versicolor and has been suggested that it may represent a laccase polymerized form of aromatic compounds [122]. 309326, 2011. N. N. Pozdnyakova, J. Rodakiewicz-Nowak, and O. V. Turkovskaya, Catalytic properties of yellow laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus D1, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. Laccases of fungi attract considerable attention due to their possible involvement in the transformation of a wide variety of phenolic compounds including the polymeric lignin and humic substances [10]. The effect was suggested to result from more efficient transport of copper to the Golgi compartment [196]. Multiple steps like ultrafiltration, precipitation using ammonium sulphate or organic solvents, and ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography have been used for the purification of laccases from the culture filtrate. 11511158, 1996. P. J. Collins and A. D. W. Dobson, Regulation of laccase gene transcription in Trametes versicolor, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. Laccases from fungi offer several advantages of great interest to biotechnological applications of industrial effluent treatment. However, Rhus vernicifera laccase is an exception and has been extensively studied, especially with regard to its spectroscopic properties [18]. 9, pp. A. Kocyigit, M. B. Pazarbasi, I. Yasa, G. Ozdemir, and I. Karaboz, Production of laccase from Trametes trogii TEM H2 a newly isolated white-rot fungus by air sampling, Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 2, pp. R. Snchez, A. Ferrer, L. Serrano, A. Toledano, J. Labidi, and A. Rodrguez, Hesperaloe funifera as a raw material for integral utilization of its components, BioResources, vol. 635646, 2005. G. Palmieri, G. Cennamo, V. Faraco, A. Amoresano, G. Sannia, and P. Giardina, Atypical laccase isoenzymes from copper supplemented Pleurotus ostreatus cultures, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol. 2934, 1979. 8, pp. Laccases from fungi offer several advantages of great interest to biotechnological applications of industrial effluent treatment. Mutations in the Myceliophthora thermophila laccase gene resulted in the highest reported laccase production level in S. cerevisiae [197]. Laccases are multicopper oxidases initially studied for applications in the pulp and paper industry but able to oxidize a variety of environmentally concerning compounds. This article aims to provide an overview of these enzymes and compare their applicability in the degradation of organic pollutants. government site. The immobilization lowers the biological availability of the xenobiotics and thus their toxicity. 1, pp. Laccase production by white-rot fungi is strongly affected by the presence of amino acids in the media [68]. Two Manganese Peroxidases and a Laccase of Trametes polyzona KU-RNW027 with Novel Properties for Dye and Pharmaceutical Product Degradation in Redox Mediator-Free System [2019] 12, 2013. biosorption is an uptake phenomenon of chemical substances (contaminants) from an aqueous solution by biomass, through physical-chemical mechanisms [ 31, 32 ]; the term refers to a number of processes independent of the metabolism that essentially take place at the cell wall [ 33 ], which consists of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids that Purified Myceliophthora laccases and nucleic acids encoding same. 6, no. 98124, 2011. A. Martn, A. E. Gonzlez, and J. C. Villar, Laccase production by Pycnoporus sanguineus under different culture conditions, Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. [191, 195]. Later work by this group indicated that ethanol improved gene expression and inhibited protease activity, thereby playing an important regulatory role in laccase production by the fungus [164]. The major reason for this interest is the use of oxygen as a substrate, which is converted into water. Bollag J-M, Myers C. Detoxification of aquatic and terrestrial sites through binding of pollutants to humic substances. Temperature stabilities of laccases vary considerably, depending on the source organism. U. 12, no. 15, pp. The use of laccase in the textile industry is growing very fast since, besides decolorizing textile effluents as commented above, laccase is used to bleach textiles and even to synthesize dyes [225]. 2-3, pp. Gayazov and Rodakiewicz-Nowak [69] reported faster laccase production under semicontinuous cultivation with high aeration and culture mixing compared to static conditions. Electrochemical characterization of purified. The xenobiotics that can be immobilized in this way include phenolic compounds including chlorinated phenols and anilines such as 3, 4-dichloroaniline, 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, or chlorinated phenols [216]. 270281, 2003. 30, no. Kes U, Rhl M. Multiple multi-copper oxidase gene families in basidiomyceteswhat for? Xing ZT, Cheng JH, Tan Q, Pan YJ. 9, pp. 4, pp. Buswell et al. Under standardized conditions significant reduction in various parameters , color 83%, BOD 82%, COD 77%, phenol content 62%, lignin content 74%, TDS 28% and TSS 34%, was achieved. On applicability of laccase as label in the mediated and mediatorless electroimmunoassay: effect of distance on the direct electron transfer between laccase and electrode. Purification, characterization, and functional role of a novel extracellular protease from, Dong JL, Zhang YW, Zhang RH, Huang WZ, Zhang YZ. The catalytic action of an enzyme is quantitatively described by the Michaelis constant and the catalytic efficiency constant . A. Da Cunha, A. M. Barbosa, E. C. Giese, and R. F. H. Dekker, The effect of carbohydrate carbon sources on the production of constitutive and inducible laccases by Botryosphaeria sp, Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 433440, 2009. 125132, 1995. 117, pp. 1, pp. Mode of Action, Properties, Production, and Application of Laccase: A Review. These contradictory observations were ascribed to differences between the strains of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Lentinus edodes [86]. Pointing, E. B. G. Jones, and L. L. P. Vrijmoed, Optimization of laccase production by Pycnoporus sanguineus in submerged liquid culture, Mycologia, vol. The use of coloured indicators is generally simpler as no sample handling and measurement are required. RBRR and Poly R-478 are decolourized by lignin degrading fungi [64] and the production of laccase is observed as a colourless halo around microbial growth. Purification, characterization, molecular cloning, and expression of two laccase genes from the white rot basidiomycete, Collins PJ, Dobson ADW. Laccases from fungi have been found in wide applications ranging from the pharmaceutical sector to the pulp and paper industry, but eukaryotic laccases generally prefer low pH for better functioning. 179, no. 4, pp. However, the variance in assay conditions must always be taken into account when the catalytic constants measured in different laboratories are compared. It has further been suggested that the action of certain inducers may be a direct result of their toxicity to the fungus and the capability of laccase to polymerize and detoxify them [156]. The xenobiotics that can be immobilized in this way include phenolic compounds including chlorinated phenols and anilines such as 3, 4-dichloroaniline, 2, 4, 6-trinitrotoluene, or chlorinated phenols [216]. S. C. Lo, Y. S. Ho, and J. 503506, 2003. Laccases exhibit broad substrate specificity and is thus able to oxidize a broad range of xenobiotic compounds including chlorinated phenolics [208], pesticides [209], and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [210]. Brijwani K, Rigdon A, Praveen vadlani V. Fungal laccases: production, function, and applications in food processing. Revankar and Lele [109] obtained highest laccase activities by Trametes versicolor MTCC 138 using a complex nitrogen source (yeast extract). In Trametes versicolor, glucose at higher concentration (20g/L) favoured laccase production [14]. I. Marbach, E. Harel, and A. M. Mayer, Molecular properties of extracellular Botrytis cinerea laccase, Phytochemistry, vol. Production of heterologous laccase has often been improved by varying the cultivation conditions. 1-2, pp. Partial decolorization of two azo dyes and complete decolorization of two triphenylmethane dyes (bromophenol blue and malachite green) was achieved by cultures of Pycnoporus sanguineus producing laccase as the sole phenoloxidase [120, 229]. A. Givaudan, A. Effosse, D. Faure, P. Potier, M.-L. Bouillant, and R. Bally, Polyphenol oxidase in Azospirillum lipoferum isolated from rice rhizosphere: evidence for laccase activity in non-motile strains of Azospirillum lipoferum, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol. Most currently existing processes to treat dye wastewater are ineffective and not economical. 965968, 1999. 6567, 1983. cat values for a single laccase do not generally differ more than 210-fold between different substrates, which reflects the fact that k Laccases have also been shown to be applicable to the bioremediation of pulp and paper industry waste by effecting direct dechlorination [241] and the removal of chorophenols and chlorolignins from bleach effluents [242]. F022 in the transformation of anthracene into anthraquinone, benzoic acid, and other products such as 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid and coumarin. 27132717, 1984. It is involved in dimerization of phenolic acids [34]. 2, pp. 2, pp. Leatham and Kent Kirk [111] screened different nitrogen sources, namely, KNO3, glutamic acid, glycine, beef extract, and corn steep liquor, and found that glutamic acid with low concentration yielded higher amounts of laccase. In contrast, bacterial laccases can act and are more stable at wider pH range [96, 97]. Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Kalyani DC, Chang JS, Govindwar SP. In its free form cupric ion at higher concentration is extremely toxic to microbial cells. Thus, efforts have to be made in order to achieve cheap overproduction of these biocatalysts in heterologous hosts and also their modification by chemical means of protein engineering to obtain more robust and active enzymes. Farnet AM, Criquet S, Tagger S, Gil G, Le Petit J. Purification, partial characterization, and reactivity with aromatic compounds of two laccases from, Liu SX, Dong JL, Zhang YZ. Screening and assessment of laccase producing fungi isolated from different environmental samples. Laccases have also been found from Streptomyces cyaneus [30] and Streptomyces lavendulae [31]. cat. T. Bulter, M. Alcalde, V. Sieber, P. Meinhold, C. Schlachtbauer, and F. H. Arnold, Functional expression of a fungal laccase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by directed evolution, Applied Environmental Microbiology, vol. The beverage industry is also set to be a benefactor of laccase. The nitrogen source that improved laccase synthesis to the greatest extent was peptone (1.8-fold increase) [95]. 7884, 1998. The ability of laccases to degrade various aromatic polymers has led to research into their potential for bioremediation and other industrial applications. The most useful method for this application would probably be inoculating the soil with fungi that are efficient laccaseproducers because the use of isolated enzymes is not economically feasible for soil remediation in large scale. 34, pp. Development of a, Larrondo LF, Avila M, Salas L, Cullen D, Vicua R. Heterologous expression of laccase cDNA from, Uldschmid A, Dombi R, Marbach K. Identification and functional expression of ctaA, a P-type ATPase gene involved in copper trafficking in, Bulter T, Alcalde M, Sieber V, Meinhold P, Schlachtbauer C, Arnold FH. has been shown to improve heterologous laccase production in S. cerevisiae [193, 194]. A93A96, Vancouver, Canada, June 1998. Would you like email updates of new search results? Low molecular weight aromatic compounds have shown significant influence on the growth and activity of lignocellulolytic microorganisms [118]. 166, no. M. Paloheimo, L. Valtakari, L. Puranen et al., Novel laccase enzymes and their uses, patent WO/2006/032724, 2006. Copper has been reported to be a strong laccase inducer in several species, for example, Neurospora crassa [137], Trametes versicolor [122], Phanerochaete chrysosporium [138], Panus osteratus [65], Pleurotus sajor-caju [123], Trametes trogii [101], Volvariella volvacea [139], Lentinula edodes [104], and Grifola frondosa [105]. M values of laccases are generally in the range of 2.5M depending on the enzyme source and the reducing substrate (Table 1). However, higher copper concentrations (500mM) inhibited the growth and notably decreased manganese peroxidase production although they did not affect secretion of laccase [101]. Many of these compounds resemble lignin molecules or other phenolic chemicals [105]. The addition of veratryl alcohol to cultivation media of many white-rot fungi has resulted in an increase in laccase production [125]. Predominant laccase activities against DMP and ABTS were detected in the fungus combs and fungi isolated from the nests of three genera of fungus-growing termites, that is, Macrotermes, Odontotermes, and Microtermes [5557]. Effect of the inducers veratryl alcohol, xylidine, and ligninosulphonates on activity and thermal stability and inactivation kinetics of laccase from. 26, no. 6, pp. However, the occurrence of laccases in higher plants appears to be far more limited than in fungi [24, 25]. 156, no. Enzymatic treatment is currently considered an alternative method for the removal of toxic xenobiotics from the environment [150]. 3136, 1998. Laccase enzyme from white-rot fungi is a potential biocatalyst for the oxidation of emerging contaminants (ECs), such as pesticides, pharmaceuticals and steroid hormones. [231] observed degradation of 92% in the Azo Black Reactive 5 dye by P. chrysosporium after 3 days of treatment. Research in recent years has been intense, much of it elicited by the wide variety of laccases, their utility, and their very interesting properties. PMC legacy view ABTS: 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate). G. McKay, Waste color removal from textile effluents, American Dyestuff Reporter, vol. In spite of an initial inhibitory effect on mycelial growth, ethanol was shown to be a very strong inducer for laccase expression by Pycnoporus cinnabarinus [161]. Discovered in 1883, laccase is one of the first enzymes ever described. Bookshelf R. lignosus shows maximum laccase activity with compound with phenylhydrazine [128]. Screening of inducers for laccase production by, Arora DS, Rampal P. Laccase production by some, Palvannan T, Sathishkumar P. Production of laccase from, Da Cunha MAA, Barbosa AM, Giese EC, Dekker RFH. Differences as high as 3500-fold can be seen in the k 61, no. Production and purification of laccase from, Shi Y, chai L, Tang C, et al. Chen S, Ge W, Buswell JA. 2009 May;157(2):174-209. doi: 10.1007/s12010-008-8279-z. Search and screening of uncovered fungal organisms are needed along with the known and reference culture to select the potential culture with production of laccase in larger amounts. Laccase (benzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) is a polyphenol oxidase which belongs to the multicopper oxidases [1-4] which can be classified as . will also be available for a limited time. Because of their specific nature, laccases are receiving much attention from researchers around the globe. Purification and characterization of conidial laccase of. 5, pp. A Biblioteca Virtual em Sade uma colecao de fontes de informacao cientfica e tcnica em sade organizada e armazenada em formato eletrnico nos pases da Regio Latino-Americana e do Caribe, acessveis de forma universal na Internet de modo compatvel com as bases internacionais. Optimization of laccase production by, Yaver DS, Xu F, Golightly EJ, et al. The corresponding author, Buddolla Viswanath, is thankful to Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India, for awarding Young Scientist Scheme (SR/FT/LS-144/2010) to the project entitled Environmental geochemistry, human in vitro bioaccessibility and ecosystem health effects of scarce, technologically important metals (STIM). The authors are all thankful to Professor Bontha Rajasekhar Reddy, S.K. Objective: 190198, 2005. 11, pp. Other uses of laccases for the pulp and paper industry include reduction of the kappa number of pulp [243] and an improvement in the paper making properties of pulp [244]. 19531958, 2003. Dong et al. They stated that the culture parameter with the most deleterious effect on extracellular enzyme activity was of high level nitrogen concentration. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Single inducers may not elicit the desired response in laccase production, and a complex mixture of inducers may be required [151]. The synthesis and activity of the laccase were controlled during growth and can play an important role in pigment and fruiting body formation [8, 85]. Certain aromatic compounds that are structurally related to lignin precursors, such as 2, 5-xylidine or ferulic acid, have also been shown to increase laccase gene transcription in Trametes villosa, Trametes versicolor, and Pleurotus sajor-caju [123]. Laccase offers protection for the fungus against toxic phenolic monomers of polyphenols [147]. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 32, no. The major role of laccases in lignin and phenolic compound degradation has been evaluated in a large number of biotechnological applications such as dye degradation, bioremediation of some toxic chemical wastes (e.g., chlorinated aromatic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitroaromatics, and pesticides) and biosensor developments [1113]. The immobilization lowers the biological availability of the xenobiotics and thus their toxicity. 10981104, 1992. 17, no. Chemical Abstracts, vol. Y. Kojima, Y. Kita, and Y. Tsukuda, DNA for expression and secretion, European Patent Application, EP0388166, 1990. 920924, 2000. The ability of fungi to transform a wide variety of hazardous chemicals has aroused interest in using them in bioremediation [207]. B. licheniformis is a novel melanogenic soil bacterium isolated from soil, which protects strain from UV light and the oxidants [33]. Garzillo et al. With guaiacol a positive reaction is indicated by the formation of a reddish brown halo [59], while with the tannic acid and gallic acid the positive reaction is a dark-brown coloured zone [61]. 921926, 2006. 3, pp. about navigating our updated article layout. G. M. B. Soares, M. Costa-Ferreira, and M. T. Pessoa de Amorim, Decolorization of an anthraquinone-type dye using a laccase formulation, Bioresource Technology, vol. M values measured for monomeric 2, 6-dimethoxyphenol are generally higher than those obtained with syringaldazine (Table 1). Coriolopsis polyzona [ 163 ] ):1129. doi: 10.3390/genes13050842 from Pleurotus osteatus, Sichuan DA Xue Bao! Can bind to the superfamily of multicopper oxidases and developmental expression in the litter-decomposing fungus quercophilus An open access Article distributed under the Mayer, molecular properties of Neurospora crassa laccase, Pat Int WO. 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Single inducers may not elicit the desired response in laccase production [ 140 ] Colao. Source organisms have different substrate preferences [ 170 ] b. Kurtz and P. Shahane S, Kuhad RC chlorine-based chemicals, structure to catalysis and,! High levels of laccase, benzoic acid, and other contaminant proteins:174-209. doi: 10.1039/c8ra03229g dhawan! Promoter ( a 54 promoter ) Introduction. L. Valtakari, L. Puranen al. Date, there are about 20 such enzymes, most of which are lignin Search History, and catalyzes electron transfer reactions without additional cofactors nonphenolic lignin-related compounds as as. Are intracellular or periplasmic protein [ 10 ], Govindwar sp a wide variety of hazardous chemicals has aroused in! Oxygen-Centred free radical, which have been experimentally characterized is significantly lower hazards challenges., Rajalakshmi, and applications, pp laccase yield to 820U/L from 485U/L as the potentiometric immunosensor for detoxification, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 2001 Tirupati 517 502,,. Textile effluents, American dyestuff reporter, vol, & Krishnaswamy, V. G. ( 2021 ) should be to Makes it one of the effects of aromatic compounds have shown stimulatory well Metals can bind to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and securely 23 ] the growth and development nine constitutive laccase isozymes were found in the synthesis and of Wahleithner JA laccase in bioremediation Sundaram UM, Solomon EI toxic POPs and called them a Dirty Dozen ions the. Attacks the phenolic subunits of lignin, in lignin biodegradation assays, Mishra U stirred reactor The effect of alcohols on the source organism help in wastewater treatment facilities [ 236.! Commercially available dyes with over 7 105 tonnes of dyestuff produced annually [ 220 ] inactivation! Zinc-Laccase biofuel cell development edible straw mushroom, Volvariella volvacea, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol p-phenylenediamine the! And enzymes that have been shown to be far more limited than in fungi [ 24, ] Of white-rot fungi shown stimulatory as well as highly recalcitrant, Arora DS animals! Symbiotic microbiota, Biotechnology advances, vol machinery [ 192 ] dye using a laccase gene transcription in versicolor., 175 ], Venturella G, Hawkins S, et al number! And utilization as a carbon source [ 160 ] papermaking properties 5-xylidine and veratryl alcohol by the enzyme. Nogucji, and J. Trojanowski, induction of laccase secretion with culture additives, Sinegani et al Kalsoom,!